Measure
Introduction
Scope and Usage
The Measure resource represents a structured, potentially computable, definition of a health-related measure such as a clinical quality measure, public health indicator, or population analytics measure. A quality measure is a quantitative tool to assess the performance of an individual or organization with respect to a specified process or outcome via the measurement of actions, processes, or outcomes of clinical care. Quality measures are often derived from clinical guidelines and are designed to determine whether the appropriate care has been provided given a set of clinical criteria and an evidence base.
Note that the Measure itself does not typically contain any logic; rather a Library resource is referenced that contains the logic required by the measure, and the various expression elements, such as population criteria, reference named expressions within that library (or libraries). In addition, if the Measure references multiple libraries, then any expression references within the resource must be qualified with the name of the library that contains the referenced expression. Different measure types will contain different population criteria. Some measures may contain multiple rates. Measures can also specify stratifications to subdivide the measure population and/or supplemental data to communicate additional information about a population.
The data of interest for a measure is described as a set of data requirements, and include the specific data type, as well as any constraints. If the measure is specified computably, this information may be inferred by static analysis of the logic used to defined the population criteria. This capability is exposed via the $data-requirements operation.
This resource is a definition resource from a FHIR workflow perspective - see Workflow, specifically Definition.
For a detailed discussion of how to use the Measure and MeasureReport resources, refer to the Quality Reporting topic.
Boundaries and Relationships
The Measure resource describes a specific quality measure, or population analytic, providing the structure of the measure in terms of the calculation elements (the populations involved). The Group resource is also capable of describing a population, however, the complexity involved in specifying the criteria in the general case requires the use of a high-level query language such as Clinical Quality Language (CQL). As such, the Measure resource defines only the top-level populations and references expressions for the actual criteria. These expressions are typically provided using a Library resource containing CQL or ELM expressions. In addition, the individual members of a population may be cases such as encounters or procedures and in these cases, the Group resource would be unable to represent the population characteristics accurately.
A Measure is also similar to an ObservationDefinition resource, in that it is purely definitional, it contains no actual measurements, only a description of how to calculate a particular measurement or set of measurements. Measure is different from ObservationDefinition in that Measure is intended to provide a computable specification.
A Measure is also similar to a clinical document, however a FHIR Document is specific to a particular subject, whereas the Measure resource is definitional.
Background and Context
Provides additional detail on exactly how the resource is to be used
StructureDefinition
Elements (Simplified)
- Measure [0..*]: - A quality measure definition
- Measure.url [0..1]: uri Canonical identifier for this measure, represented as a URI (globally unique)
- Measure.identifier [0..*]: Identifier Additional identifier for the measure
- Measure.version [0..1]: string Business version of the measure
- Measure.versionAlgorithm[x] [0..1]: string, Coding extensible:version-algorithm How to compare versions
- Measure.name [0..1]: string Name for this measure (computer friendly)
- Measure.title [0..1]: string Name for this measure (human friendly)
- Measure.subtitle [0..1]: string Subordinate title of the measure
- Measure.status [1..1]: code required:publication-status draft | active | retired | unknown
- Measure.experimental [0..1]: boolean For testing only - never for real usage
- Measure.subject[x] [0..1]: CodeableConcept, Reference(Group) extensible:participant-resource-types E.g. Patient, Practitioner, RelatedPerson, Organization, Location, Device
- Measure.date [0..1]: dateTime Date last changed
- Measure.publisher [0..1]: string Name of the publisher/steward (organization or individual)
- Measure.contact [0..*]: ContactDetail Contact details for the publisher
- Measure.description [0..1]: markdown Natural language description of the measure
- Measure.useContext [0..*]: UsageContext The context that the content is intended to support
- Measure.jurisdiction [0..*]: CodeableConcept extensible:jurisdiction Jurisdiction of the authority that maintains the measure (if applicable)
- Measure.purpose [0..1]: markdown Why this measure is defined
- Measure.usage [0..1]: markdown Describes the clinical usage of the measure
- Measure.copyright [0..1]: markdown Notice about intellectual property ownership, can include restrictions on use
- Measure.copyrightLabel [0..1]: string Copyright holder and year(s)
- Measure.approvalDate [0..1]: date When the measure was approved by publisher
- Measure.lastReviewDate [0..1]: date When the measure was last reviewed by the publisher
- Measure.effectivePeriod [0..1]: Period When the measure is expected to be used
- Measure.reportingFrequency [0..1]: Quantity extensible:frequency-unit The frequency in which this measure should be reported (e.g. 1 '/a' - yearly, 4 '/a' - quarterly)
- Measure.topic [0..*]: CodeableConcept example:definition-topic The category of the measure, such as Education, Treatment, Assessment, etc
- Measure.author [0..*]: ContactDetail Who authored the content
- Measure.editor [0..*]: ContactDetail Who edited the content
- Measure.reviewer [0..*]: ContactDetail Who reviewed the content
- Measure.endorser [0..*]: ContactDetail Who endorsed the content
- Measure.relatedArtifact [0..*]: RelatedArtifact Additional documentation, citations, etc
- Measure.library [0..*]: canonical Logic used by the measure
- Measure.disclaimer [0..1]: markdown Disclaimer for use of the measure or its referenced content
- Measure.riskAdjustment [0..1]: markdown How risk adjustment is applied for this measure
- Measure.rateAggregation [0..1]: markdown How is rate aggregation performed for this measure
- Measure.rationale [0..1]: markdown Justification for the measure in terms of impact, gap in care, and evidence
- Measure.clinicalRecommendationStatement [0..1]: markdown Summary of clinical guidelines
- Measure.term [0..*]: BackboneElement Defined terms used in the measure documentation
- Measure.term.code [0..1]: CodeableConcept example:measure-definition-example What term?
- Measure.term.definition [0..1]: markdown Meaning of the term
- Measure.guidance [0..1]: markdown Additional guidance for implementers (deprecated)
- Measure.group [0..*]: BackboneElement Population criteria group
- Measure.group.linkId [0..1]: string Unique id for group in measure
- Measure.group.title [0..1]: string Title of the group. This title is expected in the corresponding MeasureReport.group.title
- Measure.group.code [0..1]: CodeableConcept example:measure-group-example Meaning of the group
- Measure.group.description [0..1]: markdown Summary description
- Measure.group.type [0..*]: CodeableConcept extensible:measure-type process | outcome | structure | patient-reported-outcome
- Measure.group.subject[x] [0..1]: CodeableConcept, Reference(Group) extensible:participant-resource-types E.g. Patient, Practitioner, RelatedPerson, Organization, Location, Device
- Measure.group.basis [0..1]: code required:fhir-types Population basis
- Measure.group.basisRequirement [0..*]: DataRequirement Population basis requirements
- Measure.group.scoring [0..1]: CodeableConcept extensible:measure-scoring proportion | ratio | continuous-variable | cohort | composite
- Measure.group.scoringUnit [0..1]: CodeableConcept example:measure-scoring-unit What units?
- Measure.group.scoringPrecision [0..1]: positiveInt How many decimals (The number of decimal places to include in the score when the score is a decimal-valued result)
- Measure.group.compositeScoring [0..1]: CodeableConcept extensible:composite-measure-scoring opportunity | all-or-nothing | linear | weighted
- Measure.group.component [0..*]: BackboneElement A component of a composite measure
- Measure.group.component.measure [0..1]: canonical What measure?
- Measure.group.component.groupId [0..1]: string What group?
- Measure.group.component.weight [0..1]: decimal What weight?
- Measure.group.rateAggregation [0..1]: markdown How is rate aggregation performed for this measure
- Measure.group.improvementNotation [0..1]: CodeableConcept extensible:measure-improvement-notation increase | decrease
- Measure.group.improvementNotationGuidance [0..1]: markdown Explanation of improvement notation
- Measure.group.library [0..*]: canonical Logic used by the measure group
- Measure.group.population [0..*]: BackboneElement Population criteria
- Measure.group.population.linkId [0..1]: string Unique id for population in measure
- Measure.group.population.title [0..1]: string Title of the group's population. This title is expected in the corresponding MeasureReport.group.population.title
- Measure.group.population.code [0..1]: CodeableConcept extensible:measure-population initial-population | numerator | numerator-exclusion | denominator | denominator-exclusion | denominator-exception | measure-population | measure-population-exclusion | measure-observation
- Measure.group.population.description [0..1]: markdown The human readable description of this population criteria
- Measure.group.population.criteria [0..1]: Expression The criteria that defines this population
- Measure.group.population.groupDefinition [0..1]: Reference(Group) A group resource that defines this population
- Measure.group.population.inputPopulationId [0..1]: string Which population
- Measure.group.population.aggregateMethod [0..1]: CodeableConcept extensible:measure-aggregate-method Aggregation method for a measure score (e.g. sum, average, median, minimum, maximum, count)
- Measure.group.stratifier [0..*]: BackboneElement Stratifier criteria for the measure
- Measure.group.stratifier.linkId [0..1]: string Unique id for stratifier in measure
- Measure.group.stratifier.title [0..1]: string Title of a group's stratifier. This title is expected in the corresponding MeasureReport.group.title
- Measure.group.stratifier.code [0..1]: CodeableConcept example:measure-stratifier-example Meaning of the stratifier
- Measure.group.stratifier.description [0..1]: markdown The human readable description of this stratifier
- Measure.group.stratifier.criteria [0..1]: Expression How the measure should be stratified
- Measure.group.stratifier.groupDefinition [0..1]: Reference(Group) A group resource that defines this population
- Measure.group.stratifier.component [0..*]: BackboneElement Stratifier criteria component for the measure
- Measure.group.stratifier.component.linkId [0..1]: string Unique id for stratifier component in measure
- Measure.group.stratifier.component.code [0..1]: CodeableConcept example:measure-stratifier-example Meaning of the stratifier component
- Measure.group.stratifier.component.description [0..1]: markdown The human readable description of this stratifier component
- Measure.group.stratifier.component.criteria [0..1]: Expression Component of how the measure should be stratified
- Measure.group.stratifier.component.groupDefinition [0..1]: Reference(Group) A group resource that defines this population
- Measure.group.stratifier.component.valueSet [0..1]: canonical What stratum values?
- Measure.group.stratifier.component.unit [0..1]: string What units?
- Measure.supplementalData [0..*]: BackboneElement What other data should be reported with the measure
- Measure.supplementalData.linkId [0..1]: string Unique id for supplementalData in measure
- Measure.supplementalData.code [0..1]: CodeableConcept example:measure-supplemental-data-example Meaning of the supplemental data
- Measure.supplementalData.usage [0..*]: CodeableConcept extensible:measure-data-usage supplemental-data | risk-adjustment-factor
- Measure.supplementalData.description [0..1]: markdown The human readable description of this supplemental data
- Measure.supplementalData.criteria [1..1]: Expression Expression describing additional data to be reported
- Measure.supplementalData.valueSet [0..1]: canonical What supplemental data values?
- Measure.supplementalData.unit [0..1]: string What units?
Mappings
- Measure Mappings — 123 mapping entries
Operations
- care-gaps — Care Gaps — The care-gaps operation is used to determine gaps-in-care based on the results of quality measures
- collect-data — Collect Data — The collect-data operation is used to collect the data-of-interest for the given measure.
- data-requirements — Data Requirements — The data-requirements operation aggregates and returns the parameters and data requirements for the measure and all its dependencies as a single module definition
- evaluate — Evaluate — The evaluate operation processes the given Measure(s) to produce the corresponding MeasureReport(s).
- evaluate-measure — Evaluate Measure — The evaluate-measure operation is used to calculate an eMeasure and obtain the results
- submit-data — Submit Data — The submit-data operation is used to submit data-of-interest for one or more measures for one or more subjects.
Resource Packs
list-Measure-packs.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<List xmlns="http://hl7.org/fhir">
<id value="Measure-packs"/>
<status value="current"/>
<mode value="working"/>
</List>
Search Parameters
- composed-of — reference — What resource is being referenced —
Measure.relatedArtifact.where(type='composed-of').resource - context — token — A use context assigned to the measure —
(Measure.useContext.value.ofType(CodeableConcept)) - context-quantity — quantity — A quantity- or range-valued use context assigned to the measure —
(Measure.useContext.value.ofType(Quantity)) | (Measure.useContext.value.ofType(Range)) - context-type — token — A type of use context assigned to the measure —
Measure.useContext.code - context-type-quantity — composite — A use context type and quantity- or range-based value assigned to the measure —
Measure.useContext - context-type-value — composite — A use context type and value assigned to the measure —
Measure.useContext - date — date — The measure publication date —
Measure.date - depends-on — reference — What resource is being referenced —
Measure.relatedArtifact.where(type='depends-on').resource | Measure.library - derived-from — reference — What resource is being referenced —
Measure.relatedArtifact.where(type='derived-from').resource - description — string — The description of the measure —
Measure.description - effective — date — The time during which the measure is intended to be in use —
Measure.effectivePeriod - identifier — token — External identifier for the measure —
Measure.identifier - jurisdiction — token — Jurisdiction of the authority that maintains the the measure —
Measure.jurisdiction - name — string — Computationally friendly name of the measure —
Measure.name - predecessor — reference — What resource is being referenced —
Measure.relatedArtifact.where(type='predecessor').resource - publisher — string — Name of the publisher of the measure —
Measure.publisher - status — token — The current status of the measure —
Measure.status - subject-code — token — The subject of the Measure when expressed as a code —
Measure.subject as CodeableConcept - subject-reference — reference — The subject of the Measure when expressed as a reference —
Measure.subject as Reference - subject-canonical — reference — The subject of the Measure when expressed as a canonical —
Measure.subject as canonical - successor — reference — What resource is being referenced —
Measure.relatedArtifact.where(type='successor').resource - title — string — The human-friendly name of the measure —
Measure.title - topic — token — Topics associated with the measure —
Measure.topic - url — uri — The uri that identifies the measure —
Measure.url - version — token — The business version of the measure —
Measure.version - experimental — token — Whether the Measure is experimental —
Measure.experimental
Examples
- component-a-example — measure-component-a-example — Screening for Alcohol Misuse - Component A of a Composite Measure
- component-b-example — measure-component-b-example — Screening for Depression - Component B of a Composite Measure Example
- composite-example — measure-composite-example — Behavioral Health Assessment - Composite Measure Example
- hiv-indicators — measure-hiv-indicators — Example of Measure to define public health reporting data elements
- measure-BCSComponent — measure-BCSComponent — Example of Proportion Measure
- measure-cms146-example — measure-cms146-example — Appropriate Testing for Children with Pharyngitis
- measure-example — measure-example
- measure-examples-header — measure-examples-header
- measure-exclusive-breastfeeding — measure-exclusive-breastfeeding — Exclusive Breastfeeding Measure
- measure-EXM55-FHIR — measure-EXM55-FHIR — Example of Continuous Variable Measure
- measure-hybrid-hospital-wide-mortality — measure-hybrid-hospital-wide-mortality — Example of Cohort Measure
- measure-predecessor-example — measure-predecessor-example — Predecessor example - Exclusive Breastfeeding
Mapping Exceptions
measure-definition-mapping-exceptions.xml
Divergent Elements
- Definition.url → Measure.url
- shortUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=Canonical identifier for this measure, represented as an absolute URI (globally unique) | resource=Canonical identifier for this measure, represented as a URI (globally unique)
- commentsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=Can be a
urn:uuid:or aurn:oid:but realhttp/s:addresses are preferred. Multiple instances may share the same URL if they have a distinct version.
The determination of when to create a new version of a resource (same url, new version) vs. defining a new artifact is up to the author. Considerations for making this decision are found in Technical and Business Versions.
In some cases, the resource can no longer be found at the stated url, but the url itself cannot change. Implementations can use the meta.source element to indicate where the current master source of the resource can be found. | resource=Can be a urn:uuid: or a urn:oid: but real http: addresses are preferred. Multiple instances may share the same URL if they have a distinct version.
The determination of when to create a new version of a resource (same url, new version) vs. defining a new artifact is up to the author. Considerations for making this decision are found in Technical and Business Versions.
In some cases, the resource can no longer be found at the stated url, but the url itself cannot change. Implementations can use the meta.source element to indicate where the current master source of the resource can be found.
- Definition.identifier → Measure.identifier
- shortUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=Business identifier for measure | resource=Additional identifier for the measure
- commentsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=Typically, this is used for identifiers that can go in an HL7 V3 II (instance identifier) data type, and can then identify this measure outside of FHIR, where it is not possible to use the logical URI.
- requirementsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=Allows externally provided and/or usable business identifiers to be easily associated with the measure. | resource=Allows externally provided and/or usable business identifiers to be easily associated with the module.
- Definition.version → Measure.version
- commentsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=There may be different measures that have the same url but different versions. The version can be appended to the url in a reference to allow a reference to a particular business version of the measure with the format. The version SHOULD NOT contain a '#' - see Business Version. | resource=There may be different measure instances that have the same identifier but different versions. The version can be appended to the url in a reference to allow a reference to a particular business version of the measure with the format [url]|[version]. The version SHOULD NOT contain a '#' - see Business Version.
- Definition.name → Measure.name
- commentsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=The name is not expected to be globally unique. The name should be a simple alphanumeric type no-whitespace name to ensure that it is machine-processing friendly. | resource=The name is not expected to be globally unique. The name should be a simple alphanumeric type name to ensure that it is machine-processing friendly.
- requirementsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=Supports code generation. | resource=Support human navigation and code generation.
- Definition.status → Measure.status
- definitionUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=The current state of this measure. | resource=The status of this measure. Enables tracking the life-cycle of the content.
- commentsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=A nominal state-transition diagram can be found in the] documentation
Unknown does not represent 'other' - one of the defined statuses must apply. Unknown is used when the authoring system is not sure what the current status is. | resource=Allows filtering of measures that are appropriate for use versus not.
See guidance around (not) making local changes to elements here.
- requirementsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=Enables tracking the lifecycle of the content and filtering of measures that are appropriate for use versus not.
- Definition.description → Measure.description
- commentsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=This description can be used to capture details such as comments about misuse, instructions for clinical use and interpretation, literature references, examples from the paper world, etc. It is not a rendering of the measure as conveyed in the 'text' field of the resource itself. This item SHOULD be populated unless the information is available from context. | resource=This description can be used to capture details such as comments about misuse, instructions for clinical use and interpretation, literature references, examples from the paper world, etc. It is not a rendering of the measure as conveyed in the 'text' field of the resource itself. This item SHOULD be populated unless the information is available from context (e.g. the language of the measure is presumed to be the predominant language in the place the measure was created).
- Definition.useContext → Measure.useContext
- definitionUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=The content was developed with a focus and intent of supporting the contexts that are listed. These contexts may be general categories (gender, age, ...) or may be references to specific programs (insurance plans, studies, ...) and may be used to assist with indexing and searching for appropriate measures. | resource=The content was developed with a focus and intent of supporting the contexts that are listed. These contexts may be general categories (gender, age, ...) or may be references to specific programs (insurance plans, studies, ...) and may be used to assist with indexing and searching for appropriate measure instances.
- commentsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=When multiple useContexts are specified, there is no expectation that all or even any of the contexts apply. | resource=When multiple useContexts are specified, there is no expectation that all or any of the contexts apply.
- Definition.jurisdiction → Measure.jurisdiction
- shortUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=Intended jurisdiction for measure (if applicable) | resource=Jurisdiction of the authority that maintains the measure (if applicable)
- definitionUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=A legal or geographic region in which the measure is intended to be used. | resource=A legal or geographic region in which the authority that maintains the resource is operating. In general, the jurisdiction is also found in the useContext. The useContext may reference additional jurisdictions because the defining jurisdiction does not necessarily limit the jurisdictions of use.
- commentsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=It may be possible for the measure to be used in jurisdictions other than those for which it was originally designed or intended
DEPRECATION NOTE: For consistency, implementations are encouraged to migrate to using the new 'jurisdiction' code in the useContext element. (I.e. useContext.code indicating http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/usage-context-type#jurisdiction and useContext.valueCodeableConcept indicating the jurisdiction.). | resource=It may be possible for the measure to be used in jurisdictions other than those for which it was originally designed or intended.
DEPRECATION NOTE: For consistency, implementations are encouraged to migrate to using the new 'jurisdiction' code in the useContext element. (I.e. useContext.code indicating http://terminology.hl7.org/CodeSystem/usage-context-type#jurisdiction and useContext.valueCodeableConcept indicating the jurisdiction.)
- Definition.copyright → Measure.copyright
- requirementsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=Consumers of the measure must be able to determine any legal restrictions on the use of the artifact and/or its content. | resource=Consumers must be able to determine any legal restrictions on the use of the measure and/or its content.
- Definition.effectivePeriod → Measure.effectivePeriod
- commentsUnmatched | reason=Unknown | pattern=The effective period for a measure determines when the content is applicable for usage and is independent of publication and review dates. For example, a measure intended to be used for the year 2016 might be published in 2015. | resource=The effective period for a measure determines when the content is applicable for usage and is independent of publication and review dates. For example, a measure intended to be used for the year 2016 might be published in 2015.
See guidance around (not) making local changes to elements here.
Unmapped Elements
- Definition.derivedFromCanonical — Unknown
- Definition.product — Unknown
- Definition.code — Unknown
- Definition.subject — Unknown
- Definition.derivedFromUri — Unknown
- Definition.performerType — Unknown
- Definition.partOf — Unknown
- Definition.topic — Unknown
measure-fivews-mapping-exceptions.xml
Unmapped Elements
- FiveWs.what — Unknown
- FiveWs.author — Unknown
- FiveWs.actor — Unknown
- FiveWs.cause — Unknown
- FiveWs.where — Unknown
- FiveWs.context — Unknown
- FiveWs.init — Unknown
- FiveWs.source — Unknown
- FiveWs.who — Unknown
- FiveWs.grade — Unknown
- FiveWs.planned — Unknown
- FiveWs.done — Unknown
- FiveWs.subject — Unknown