--- type: "resource" title: "Evidence" resource: "Evidence" --- # Evidence ## Introduction ## Scope and Usage The Evidence Resource enables the expression of the most granular form of evidence, such as the actual quantitative results of a study or scientific analysis. Human-readable summaries of the Evidence Resource may be expressed in description, assertion, and note elements. The description element is typically used for the primary expression. The assertion element is less commonly used and is typically used for interpretive expression. The note element may be used for any number of explanatory, variant, or related comments. The _variableDefinition_ element is used to describe what the evidence is about. Each variable defined must be assigned a variable role which signals how that variable is used in the statistics within the Evidence Resource. The variable definition may be expressed in human-readable form (with a description element) and/or expressed in computable form by referencing [Group](group) or [EvidenceVariable](evidencevariable) Resources. In general, [Group](group) Resources are used to define populations and [EvidenceVariable](evidencevariable) Resources are used to define measured variables (exposures, outcomes, and covariates). The _variableDefinition_ element allows expression of the observed variable and the intended variable. In many forms of expression the Evidence is interpreted for a specific context and recognition of both observed and intended variables is important for understanding the applicability and certainty of the evidence. The heart of the evidence is the statistic. The statistic BackboneElement provides a machine-interpretable expression of a statistic, including the quantity; unit of measure; classification of statistic type; sample size; attributes such as confidence intervals, p values, and heterogeneity estimates; and statistic model characteristics. An Evidence Resource may contain more than one statistic, in which case each statistic matches the same combination of variable definitions. Because a statistic can rarely be interpreted without knowing how it was obtained, the Evidence Resource enables expression of the _studyDesign_. For evidence derived from synthesis of evidence, the Evidence Resource enables expression of the _synthesisType_. The _certainty element_ provides a machine-interpretable expression of certainty, confidence or quality of the resource in which it is included. The _certainty element_ can express overall certainty and certainty of any subcomponent concepts using codeable concepts from structured rating systems. The _certainty element_ enables machine-to-machine communication of the certainty of evidence. ## Boundaries and Relationships The Evidence Resource is the central atomic component for the Evidence-related Resources. The Evidence Resource may reference multiple [Group](group) and [EvidenceVariable](evidencevariable) Resources; in these cases, the [Group](group) and [EvidenceVariable](evidencevariable) Resources to which an Evidence Resource points does _not_ refer back to the Evidence. In the context of evidence synthesis, a [List](list) Resource may reference Evidence Resources where the [List](list) Resource is used to define the set of evidence being synthesized. ## StructureDefinition ### Elements (Simplified) - **[Evidence](/evidence-definitions#Evidence)** [0..*]: - Single evidence bit - **[Evidence.url](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.url)** [0..1]: [uri](/uri) Canonical identifier for this evidence, represented as a globally unique URI - **[Evidence.identifier](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.identifier)** [0..*]: [Identifier](/Identifier) Additional identifier for the summary - **[Evidence.version](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.version)** [0..1]: [string](/string) Business version of this summary - **[Evidence.versionAlgorithm[x]](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.versionAlgorithm%5Bx%5D)** [0..1]: [string](/string), [Coding](/Coding) extensible:[version-algorithm](/valueset-version-algorithm) How to compare versions - **[Evidence.name](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.name)** [0..1]: [string](/string) Name for this summary (machine friendly) - **[Evidence.title](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.title)** [0..1]: [string](/string) Name for this summary (human friendly) - **[Evidence.citeAs](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.citeAs)** [0..1]: [markdown](/markdown) Display of how to cite this Evidence - **[Evidence.status](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.status)** [1..1]: [code](/code) required:[publication-status](/valueset-publication-status) draft | active | retired | unknown - **[Evidence.experimental](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.experimental)** [0..1]: [boolean](/boolean) For testing only - never for real usage - **[Evidence.date](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.date)** [0..1]: [dateTime](/dateTime) Date last changed - **[Evidence.approvalDate](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.approvalDate)** [0..1]: [date](/date) When the summary was approved by publisher - **[Evidence.lastReviewDate](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.lastReviewDate)** [0..1]: [date](/date) When the summary was last reviewed by the publisher - **[Evidence.author](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.author)** [0..*]: [ContactDetail](/ContactDetail) Who authored the content - **[Evidence.publisher](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.publisher)** [0..1]: [string](/string) Name of the publisher/steward (organization or individual) - **[Evidence.contact](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.contact)** [0..*]: [ContactDetail](/ContactDetail) Contact details for the publisher - **[Evidence.recorder](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.recorder)** [0..*]: [ContactDetail](/ContactDetail) Who entered the data for the evidence - **[Evidence.editor](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.editor)** [0..*]: [ContactDetail](/ContactDetail) Who edited the content - **[Evidence.reviewer](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.reviewer)** [0..*]: [ContactDetail](/ContactDetail) Who reviewed the content - **[Evidence.endorser](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.endorser)** [0..*]: [ContactDetail](/ContactDetail) Who endorsed the content - **[Evidence.useContext](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.useContext)** [0..*]: [UsageContext](/UsageContext) The context that the content is intended to support - **[Evidence.purpose](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.purpose)** [0..1]: [markdown](/markdown) Why this Evidence is defined - **[Evidence.copyright](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.copyright)** [0..1]: [markdown](/markdown) Intellectual property ownership, may include restrictions on use - **[Evidence.copyrightLabel](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.copyrightLabel)** [0..1]: [string](/string) Copyright holder and year(s) - **[Evidence.relatesTo](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.relatesTo)** [0..*]: [BackboneElement](/BackboneElement) Relationships to other Resources - **[Evidence.relatesTo.type](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.relatesTo.type)** [1..1]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) extensible:[artifact-relationship-type](/valueset-artifact-relationship-type) documentation | justification | citation | predecessor | successor | derived-from | depends-on | composed-of | part-of | amends | amended-with | appends | appended-with | cites | cited-by | comments-on | comment-in | contains | contained-in | corrects | correction-in | replaces | replaced-with | retracts | retracted-by | signs | similar-to | supports | supported-with | transforms | transformed-into | transformed-with | documents | specification-of | created-with | cite-as | reprint | reprint-of | summarizes - **[Evidence.relatesTo.target[x]](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.relatesTo.target%5Bx%5D)** [1..1]: [uri](/uri), [Attachment](/Attachment), [canonical](/canonical), Reference([Resource](/Resource)), [markdown](/markdown) The artifact that is related to this Evidence - **[Evidence.description](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.description)** [0..1]: [markdown](/markdown) Description of the particular summary - **[Evidence.assertion](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.assertion)** [0..1]: [markdown](/markdown) Declarative description of the Evidence - **[Evidence.note](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.note)** [0..*]: [Annotation](/Annotation) Footnotes and/or explanatory notes - **[Evidence.variableDefinition](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.variableDefinition)** [0..*]: [BackboneElement](/BackboneElement) Description, classification, and definition of a single variable - **[Evidence.variableDefinition.description](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.variableDefinition.description)** [0..1]: [markdown](/markdown) A text description or summary of the variable - **[Evidence.variableDefinition.note](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.variableDefinition.note)** [0..*]: [Annotation](/Annotation) Footnotes and/or explanatory notes - **[Evidence.variableDefinition.variableRole](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.variableDefinition.variableRole)** [1..1]: [code](/code) required:[variable-role](/valueset-variable-role) population | exposure | outcome | covariate - **[Evidence.variableDefinition.roleSubtype](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.variableDefinition.roleSubtype)** [0..1]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) example:[variable-role-subtype](/valueset-variable-role-subtype) Sub-classification of the role of the variable - **[Evidence.variableDefinition.comparatorCategory](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.variableDefinition.comparatorCategory)** [0..1]: [string](/string) The reference value used for comparison - **[Evidence.variableDefinition.observed](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.variableDefinition.observed)** [0..1]: [Reference(Group](/Reference(Group), [EvidenceVariable)](/EvidenceVariable)) Definition of the actual variable related to the statistic(s) - **[Evidence.variableDefinition.intended](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.variableDefinition.intended)** [0..1]: [Reference(Group](/Reference(Group), [EvidenceVariable)](/EvidenceVariable)) Definition of the intended variable related to the Evidence - **[Evidence.variableDefinition.directnessMatch](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.variableDefinition.directnessMatch)** [0..1]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) example:[directness](/valueset-directness) low | moderate | high | exact - **[Evidence.synthesisType](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.synthesisType)** [0..*]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) example:[synthesis-type](/valueset-synthesis-type) The design of the synthesis (combination of studies) that produced this evidence - **[Evidence.studyDesign](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.studyDesign)** [0..*]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) extensible:[study-design](/valueset-study-design) The design of the study that produced this evidence - **[Evidence.statistic](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic)** [0..*]: [BackboneElement](/BackboneElement) Values and parameters for a single statistic - **[Evidence.statistic.description](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.description)** [0..1]: [markdown](/markdown) A natural language summary of the statistic - **[Evidence.statistic.note](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.note)** [0..*]: [Annotation](/Annotation) Footnotes and/or explanatory notes - **[Evidence.statistic.statisticType](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.statisticType)** [0..1]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) example:[statistic-type](/valueset-statistic-type) Type of statistic, e.g., relative risk - **[Evidence.statistic.category](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.category)** [0..1]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) Associated category for categorical variable - **[Evidence.statistic.quantity](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.quantity)** [0..1]: [Quantity](/Quantity) Statistic value - **[Evidence.statistic.numberOfEvents](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.numberOfEvents)** [0..1]: [unsignedInt](/unsignedInt) The number of events associated with the statistic - **[Evidence.statistic.numberAffected](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.numberAffected)** [0..1]: [unsignedInt](/unsignedInt) The number of participants affected - **[Evidence.statistic.sampleSize](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.sampleSize)** [0..1]: [BackboneElement](/BackboneElement) Count of participants in the study sample - **[Evidence.statistic.sampleSize.description](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.sampleSize.description)** [0..1]: [markdown](/markdown) Textual description of sample size for statistic - **[Evidence.statistic.sampleSize.note](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.sampleSize.note)** [0..*]: [Annotation](/Annotation) Footnote or explanatory note about the sample size - **[Evidence.statistic.sampleSize.numberOfStudies](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.sampleSize.numberOfStudies)** [0..1]: [unsignedInt](/unsignedInt) Number of contributing studies - **[Evidence.statistic.sampleSize.numberOfParticipants](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.sampleSize.numberOfParticipants)** [0..1]: [unsignedInt](/unsignedInt) Total number of participants - **[Evidence.statistic.sampleSize.knownDataCount](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.sampleSize.knownDataCount)** [0..1]: [unsignedInt](/unsignedInt) Number of participants with known results for measured variables - **[Evidence.statistic.sampleSize.numberAnalyzed](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.sampleSize.numberAnalyzed)** [0..1]: [unsignedInt](/unsignedInt) Total number of participants who were analayzed - **[Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate)** [0..*]: [BackboneElement](/BackboneElement) An attribute of the Statistic - **[Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.description](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.description)** [0..1]: [markdown](/markdown) Textual description of the attribute estimate - **[Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.note](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.note)** [0..*]: [Annotation](/Annotation) Footnote or explanatory note about the estimate - **[Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.type](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.type)** [0..1]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) example:[attribute-estimate-type](/valueset-attribute-estimate-type) The type of attribute estimate, e.g., confidence interval or p value - **[Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.quantity](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.quantity)** [0..1]: [Quantity](/Quantity) The singular quantity of the attribute estimate, for attribute estimates represented as single values, which may include a unit of measure - **[Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.level](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.level)** [0..1]: [decimal](/decimal) Level of confidence interval, e.g., 0.95 for 95% confidence interval - **[Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.range](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.range)** [0..1]: [Range](/Range) Lower and upper bound values of the attribute estimate - **[Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.attributeEstimate](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.attributeEstimate.attributeEstimate)** [0..*]: - A nested attribute estimate; which is the attribute estimate of an attribute estimate - **[Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic)** [0..*]: [BackboneElement](/BackboneElement) An aspect of the statistical model - **[Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.code](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.code)** [1..1]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) example:[statistic-model-code](/valueset-statistic-model-code) Model specification - **[Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.value[x]](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.value%5Bx%5D)** [0..1]: [Quantity](/Quantity)([SimpleQuantity](/SimpleQuantity)), [Range](/Range), [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) The specific value (when paired with code) - **[Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.intended](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.intended)** [0..1]: [boolean](/boolean) The plan for analysis - **[Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.applied](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.applied)** [0..1]: [boolean](/boolean) This model characteristic is part of the analysis that was applied, whether or not the analysis followed the plan - **[Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.variable](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.variable)** [0..*]: [BackboneElement](/BackboneElement) A variable adjusted for in the adjusted analysis - **[Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.variable.variableDefinition](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.variable.variableDefinition)** [1..1]: [Reference(Group](/Reference(Group), [EvidenceVariable)](/EvidenceVariable)) Description and definition of the variable - **[Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.variable.handling](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.variable.handling)** [0..1]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) example:[variable-handling-example](/valueset-variable-handling-example) boolean | continuous | dichotomous | ordinal | polychotomous | time-to-event | not-specified - **[Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.variable.valueCategory](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.variable.valueCategory)** [0..*]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) Qualitative label used for grouping values of a dichotomous, ordinal, or polychotomous variable - **[Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.variable.valueQuantity](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.variable.valueQuantity)** [0..*]: [Quantity](/Quantity) Quantitative label used for grouping values of a dichotomous, ordinal, or polychotomous variable - **[Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.variable.valueRange](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.variable.valueRange)** [0..*]: [Range](/Range) Range of quantitative labels used for grouping values of a dichotomous, ordinal, or polychotomous variable - **[Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.attribute](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.statistic.modelCharacteristic.attribute)** [0..*]: - An attribute of the model characteristic - **[Evidence.certainty](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.certainty)** [0..*]: [BackboneElement](/BackboneElement) Certainty or quality of the evidence - **[Evidence.certainty.description](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.certainty.description)** [0..1]: [markdown](/markdown) Textual description of certainty - **[Evidence.certainty.note](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.certainty.note)** [0..*]: [Annotation](/Annotation) Footnotes and/or explanatory notes - **[Evidence.certainty.type](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.certainty.type)** [0..1]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) example:[certainty-type](/valueset-certainty-type) Aspect of certainty being rated - **[Evidence.certainty.rating](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.certainty.rating)** [0..1]: [CodeableConcept](/CodeableConcept) example:[certainty-rating](/valueset-certainty-rating) Assessment or judgement of the aspect - **[Evidence.certainty.rater](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.certainty.rater)** [0..*]: [string](/string) Individual or group who did the rating - **[Evidence.certainty.subcomponent](/evidence-definitions#Evidence.certainty.subcomponent)** [0..*]: - A domain or subdomain of certainty ## Mappings - [Evidence Mappings](/evidence-mappings) — 14 mapping entries ## Resource Packs ### list-Evidence-packs.xml ```xml ``` ## Search Parameters - [context](/evidence-search#context) — **token** — A use context assigned to the evidence — `(Evidence.useContext.value.ofType(CodeableConcept))` - [context-quantity](/evidence-search#context-quantity) — **quantity** — A quantity- or range-valued use context assigned to the evidence — `(Evidence.useContext.value.ofType(Quantity)) | (Evidence.useContext.value.ofType(Range))` - [context-type](/evidence-search#context-type) — **token** — A type of use context assigned to the evidence — `Evidence.useContext.code` - [context-type-quantity](/evidence-search#context-type-quantity) — **composite** — A use context type and quantity- or range-based value assigned to the evidence — `Evidence.useContext` - [context-type-value](/evidence-search#context-type-value) — **composite** — A use context type and value assigned to the evidence — `Evidence.useContext` - [date](/evidence-search#date) — **date** — The evidence publication date — `Evidence.date` - [description](/evidence-search#description) — **string** — The description of the evidence — `Evidence.description` - [identifier](/evidence-search#identifier) — **token** — External identifier for the evidence — `Evidence.identifier` - [publisher](/evidence-search#publisher) — **string** — Name of the publisher of the evidence — `Evidence.publisher` - [status](/evidence-search#status) — **token** — The current status of the evidence — `Evidence.status` - [title](/evidence-search#title) — **string** — The human-friendly name of the evidence — `Evidence.title` - [url](/evidence-search#url) — **uri** — The uri that identifies the evidence — `Evidence.url` - [version](/evidence-search#version) — **token** — The business version of the evidence — `Evidence.version` - [experimental](/evidence-search#experimental) — **token** — Whether the Evidence is experimental — `Evidence.experimental` [Full Search Parameters](/evidence-search) ## Examples - [evidence-example](/evidence-example-evidence-example) — evidence-example - [evidence-example-ASTRAL-12-alteplase-mRS3-6](/evidence-example-evidence-example-ASTRAL-12-alteplase-mRS3-6) — evidence-example-ASTRAL-12-alteplase-mRS3-6 - [evidence-example-death-or-major-injury-reduce-parachute-vs-empty-backpack](/evidence-example-evidence-example-death-or-major-injury-reduce-parachute-vs-empty-backpack) — evidence-example-death-or-major-injury-reduce-parachute-vs-empty-backpack - [evidence-example-quoted-source](/evidence-example-evidence-example-quoted-source) — evidence-example-quoted-source - [evidence-example-statistic-model-include-if](/evidence-example-evidence-example-statistic-model-include-if) — evidence-example-statistic-model-include-if - [evidence-example-stroke-0-3-alteplase-vs-no-alteplase-mRS3-6](/evidence-example-evidence-example-stroke-0-3-alteplase-vs-no-alteplase-mRS3-6) — evidence-example-stroke-0-3-alteplase-vs-no-alteplase-mRS3-6 - [evidence-example-stroke-3-4half-alteplase-vs-no-alteplase-mRS0-2](/evidence-example-evidence-example-stroke-3-4half-alteplase-vs-no-alteplase-mRS0-2) — evidence-example-stroke-3-4half-alteplase-vs-no-alteplase-mRS0-2 - [evidence-example-stroke-alteplase-fatalICH](/evidence-example-evidence-example-stroke-alteplase-fatalICH) — evidence-example-stroke-alteplase-fatalICH - [evidence-example-stroke-no-alteplase-fatalICH](/evidence-example-evidence-example-stroke-no-alteplase-fatalICH) — evidence-example-stroke-no-alteplase-fatalICH - [evidence-examples-header](/evidence-example-evidence-examples-header) — evidence-examples-header - [example-ASTRAL-12-alteplase-mRS3-6](/evidence-example-example-ASTRAL-12-alteplase-mRS3-6) — evidence-example-ASTRAL-12-alteplase-mRS3-6 — Risk of mRS3-6 at 90 days after Alteplase for Stroke if ASTRAL score 12 - [example-death-or-major-injury-reduce-parachute-vs-empty-backpack](/evidence-example-example-death-or-major-injury-reduce-parachute-vs-empty-backpack) — evidence-example-death-or-major-injury-reduce-parachute-vs-empty-backpack — Death or Major Traumatic Injury on Impact comparing intervention vs. comparator - [example-quoted-source](/evidence-example-example-quoted-source) — evidence-example-quoted-source — An example using the relatedArtifact element to quote text from the evidence source - [example-statistic-model-include-if](/evidence-example-example-statistic-model-include-if) — evidence-example-statistic-model-include-if — Statistical analysis plan with different statistical test if non-normal distribution - [example-stroke-0-3-alteplase-vs-no-alteplase-mRS3-6](/evidence-example-example-stroke-0-3-alteplase-vs-no-alteplase-mRS3-6) — evidence-example-stroke-0-3-alteplase-vs-no-alteplase-mRS3-6 — Effect of Alteplase vs No alteplase on mRS 3-6 at 90 days in Stroke 0-3 hours prior - [example-stroke-3-4half-alteplase-vs-no-alteplase-mRS0-2](/evidence-example-example-stroke-3-4half-alteplase-vs-no-alteplase-mRS0-2) — evidence-example-stroke-3-4half-alteplase-vs-no-alteplase-mRS0-2 — Effect of Alteplase vs No alteplase on mRS 0-2 at 90 days in Stroke 3-4.5 hours prior - [example-stroke-alteplase-fatalICH](/evidence-example-example-stroke-alteplase-fatalICH) — evidence-example-stroke-alteplase-fatalICH — Risk of fatal ICH with alteplase for stroke - [example-stroke-no-alteplase-fatalICH](/evidence-example-example-stroke-no-alteplase-fatalICH) — evidence-example-stroke-no-alteplase-fatalICH — Risk of fatal ICH without alteplase for stroke [Full Examples](/evidence-examples) ## Mapping Exceptions ### evidence-fivews-mapping-exceptions.xml ### Unmapped Elements - **FiveWs.what** — Unknown - **FiveWs.actor** — Unknown - **FiveWs.cause** — Unknown - **FiveWs.class** — Unknown - **FiveWs.where** — Unknown - **FiveWs.context** — Unknown - **FiveWs.init** — Unknown - **FiveWs.source** — Unknown - **FiveWs.who** — Unknown - **FiveWs.grade** — Unknown - **FiveWs.planned** — Unknown - **FiveWs.done** — Unknown - **FiveWs.subject** — Unknown